Web scraping Instagram Pre and During Covid-19: Examining customer engagement on Australian SMEs accounts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v26i0.3447Keywords:
Instagram, Web scraping, Engagement, Australian SMEsAbstract
Instagram has gained the attention of hundreds of millions of users and evolved quickly into a critical customer engagement tool for businesses worldwide, more so during Covid-19. Impacts of Covid-19 have fundamentally changed the market, and therefore, this paper explores the relationship between Instagram practices and the engagement of 20 Australian SMEs (Small medium enterprises) pre and during Covid-19. This study aims to answer the following questions: (1) How should user-generated content (UGC) and call to act content (CTA) be included as Instagram posts? (2) How to use #Hashtags and @Tagging in Instagram posts to keep a campaign going? (3) How Instagram can be utilised to mitigate the effect of Covid-19? Findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between the number of UGCs to Instagram engagement, while CTA content performance recorded a mixed result. However, both UGCs and CTA positively affect the engagement when used to build a virtual community and engage with followers rather than redirecting customers to online selling locations. Also, diversity in @Tagging and #Hashtag uses are found to be effective drivers of engagement. The results imply that addressing the Covid-19 related concerns of followers while showing genuine brand social responsibility can be rewarded by extra engagement.
References
Angel, R., & Sexsmith, J. (2011). Social networking: The corporate value proposition. Ivey Business Journal, 33, 44-60.
Applegate, E. (2016). Strategic copywriting: how to create effective advertising. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Arora, A., Bansal, S., Kandpal, C., Aswani, R., & Dwivedi, Y. (2019). Measuring social media influencer index- insights from facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 49, 86-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.03.012
Atta Tarki, P. L., & Weiss, J. (2020). The Coronavirus Crisis Doesn’t Have to Lead to Layoffs. Havard Business Review. Retrieved January 17, 2020 from https://hbr.org/2020/03/the-coronavirus-crisis-doesnt-have-to-lead-to-layoffs
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020). Business indicators, business impacts of COVID-19, July 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from
Bagozzi, R. P., & Dholakia, U. M. (2006). Antecedents and purchase consequences of customer participation in small group brand communities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2006.01.005
Bahae, S. (2018). Revisiting Technology Resistance: Current Insights and Future Directions. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 22(0). https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v22i0.1655
Balakrishnan, R., Satyasiba, D., & Manojit, C. (2020). Implementing Data Strategy: Design Considerations and Reference Architecture for Data-Enabled Value Creation. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 24(0). https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v24i0.2541
Barnes, D. O. U. (2001). Understanding business: processes. Routledge in association with the Open University.
Bernoff, J., & Li, C. (2008). Harnessing the Power of the Oh-So-Social Web. MIT Sloan Management Review, 49(3), 36-42. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/harnessing-power-oh-so-social-web/docview/224962179/se-2?accountid=14205
Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer–Company Identification: A Framework for Understanding Consumers’ Relationships with Companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.2.76.18609
Bianchi, C., Glavas, C., & Mathews, S. (2017). SME international performance in Latin America. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(1), 176-195. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-09-2016-0142
Blakley, J. (2013). Brands as Publishers and How It’s Changing Marketing. https://www.socialmediatoday.com/content/brands-publishers-and-how-its-changing-marketing
Blanchard, O. (2011). Social media ROI: managing and measuring social media efforts in your organization. Que.
Bruns, A. (2007). Produsage Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI conference on Creativity & cognition, Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/1254960.1254975
Bruns, A. (2019). After the ‘APIcalypse’: social media platforms and their fight against critical scholarly research. Information, Communication & Society, 22(11), 1544-1566. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637447
Bruns, A., & Schmidt, J.-H. (2011). Produsage: a closer look at continuing developments. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 17(1),3-7.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13614568.2011.563626
Cappel, J. J., & Myerscough, M. A. (1996). World Wide Web uses for electronic commerce: Toward a classification scheme. AMCIS 1996 Proceedings, 334.
Cassells, R., & Duncan, A. (2020). JobKeeper: The efficacy of Australia’s first short-time wage subsidy (Vol. 23). Curtin University of Technology.
https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.468936006281571
Cha, K. J., Hwang, T., & Gregor, S. (2015). An integrative model of IT-enabled organizational transformation. Management Decision, 53(8), 1755-1770. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2014-0550
Chevalier, J. A., & Mayzlin, D. (2006). The Effect of Word of Mouth on Sales: Online Book Reviews. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(3), 345-354.
https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.43.3.345
Chua, A. P. H., Kenneth, R. D., & Craig, M. P. (2009). Exploring the Types of SMEs Which Could use Blogs as a Marketing Tool: a Proposed Future Research Agenda. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v16i1.561
Chung, J. Y., & Buhalis, D. (2008). Information needs in online social networks. Information Technology & Tourism, 10(4), 267-281. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830508788403123
Coles. (2020). Online Shop. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from https://www.coles.com.au/
Costantino, V., & Raina MacIntyre, C. (2021). The Impact of Universal Mask Use on SARS-COV-2 in Victoria, Australia on the Epidemic Trajectory of COVID-19 [Original Research]. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.625499
Coxe, S., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2009). The Analysis of Count Data: A Gentle Introduction to Poisson Regression and Its Alternatives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 121-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802634175
Culnan, M. J., McHugh, P. J., & Zubillaga, J. I. (2010). How large US companies can use Twitter and other social media to gain business value. MIS Quarterly Executive, 9(4).
Dahlander, L., & Magnusson, M. (2008). How do Firms Make Use of Open Source Communities? Long Range Planning, 41(6), 629-649.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2008.09.003
Dahlberg, L. (2011). Re-constructing digital democracy: An outline of four ‘positions’. New Media & Society, 13(6), 855-872. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810389569
de Vries, L., Gensler, S., & Leeflang, P. S. H. (2012). Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages: An Investigation of the Effects of Social Media Marketing. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(2), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2012.01.003
Deloitte. (2019). The performance of Small and Medium Sized Businesses in a digital world. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/es/ Documents/Consultoria/The-performance-of-SMBs-in-digital-world.pdf
Dessart, L., Veloutsou, C., & Morgan-Thomas, A. (2015). Consumer engagement in online brand communities: a social media perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 24(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-06-2014-0635
Dobson, A. J. (2008). An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. Chapman & Hall.
Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008
Echeverri, P., & Skålén, P. (2011). Co-creation and co-destruction: A practice-theory based study of interactive value formation. Marketing Theory, 11(3), 351-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593111408181
Edwards, S., & Ferle, C. L. (2000). Cross Media Promotion of the Internet in Television Commercials. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 22(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2000.10505098
Fahrmeir, L., Tutz, G., Hennevogl, W., & Salem, E. (1994). Multivariate statistical modelling based on generalized linear models (Vol. 425). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3454-6
Feldman, R., & Sanger, J. (2006). The Text Mining Handbook: Advanced Approaches in Analyzing Unstructured Data. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546914
Fotheringham, P., Anderson, T., Shaw, M., Jewitt, J., Storey, H., Hutchings, O., Cartwright, J., & Gupta, L. (2021). Control of COVID-19 in Australia through quarantine: the role of special health accommodation (SHA) in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 225. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10244-7
Fox, J. (2015). Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models. Sage Publications.
Geho, P. R., Smith, S. E. S., & Lewis, S. D. (2010). Is Twitter a Viable Commercial Use Platform for Small Businesses? an Empirical Study Targeting Two Audiences in the Small Business Community. The Entrepreneurial Executive, 15, 73.
Ghose, S., & Dou, W. (1998). Interactive functions and their impacts on the appeal of internet presence sites [21_Publication in refereed journal]. Journal of Advertising Research, 38(2), 29-43. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0001782545&partnerID=8YFLogxK
Goldemberg, J. (2011). Technological Leapfrogging in the Developing World. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 12(1), 135-141. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43133873
Gomez-Rodriguez, M., Gummadi, K. P., & Schölkopf, B. (2014). Quantifying Information Overload in Social Media and Its Impact on Social Contagions Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, ICWSM 2014, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, June 1-4, 2014., https://publications.cispa.saarland/1124/
Gretzel, U., & Yoo, K.-H. (2014). Premises and promises of social media marketing in tourism. In The Routledge handbook of tourism marketing (pp. 513-526). Routledge.
Grochal-Brejdak, M., & Szymura-Tyc, M. (2018). The internationalisation process of an E-commerce entrepreneurial firm: The inward-outward internationalisation and the development of knowledge. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 6(4), 103. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2018.060406
Haddad, C., & Hornuf, L. (2019). The emergence of the global fintech market: economic and technological determinants. Small Business Economics, 53(1), 81-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9991-x
Hamilton, R., Thompson, D., Bone, S., Chaplin, L. N., Griskevicius, V., Goldsmith, K., Hill, R., John, D. R., Mittal, C., O’Guinn, T., Piff, P., Roux, C., Shah, A., & Zhu, M. (2019). The effects of scarcity on consumer decision journeys. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 47(3), 532-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-018-0604-7
Hanna, R., Rohm, A., & Crittenden, V. L. (2011). We’re all connected: The power of the social media ecosystem. Business Horizons, 54(3), 265-273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.007
He, H., & Harris, L. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research, 116, 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030
Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.10073
Hiram, T., Cyril, d. R. E., & Siew, L. L. (2016). Intention to Use Instagram by Generation Cohorts: The Perspective of Developing Markets. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 8, 43.
Hootsuite. (2019). The State of Digital in Q3 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from https://hootsuite.com/resources/the-state-of-digital-in-q3-2019
Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., & Kambhampati, S. (2014). What we instagram: A first analysis of instagram photo content and user types. Eighth International AAAI conference on weblogs and social media,
Instagram. (2020). Introducing Instagram shopping. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from https://business.instagram.com/shopping?locale=en_GB
Ivanov, D. (2020). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) case. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 136, 101922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Katsurai, M., & Satoh, S. (2016, 20-25 March 2016). Image sentiment analysis using latent correlations among visual, textual, and sentiment views. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP),
Ki, C.-W. C., & Kim, Y.-K. (2019). The mechanism by which social media influencers persuade consumers: The role of consumers’ desire to mimic. Psychology & Marketing, 36(10), 905-922. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21244
Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005
La Ferle, C., Edwards, S. M., & Lee, W.-N. (2000). Teens' Use of Traditional Media and the Internet. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(3), 55. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-40-3-55-65
Labrecque, L. I., Swani, K., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The impact of pronoun choices on consumer engagement actions: Exploring top global brands' social media communications. Psychology & Marketing, 37(6), 796-814. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21341
Lacho, K. J., & Marinello, C. (2010). How Small Business Owners Can Use Social Networking To Promote Their Business. The Entrepreneurial Executive, 15, 127-133. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/how-small-business-owners-can-use-social/docview/807619721/se-2?accountid=14205
Larson, D., & Chang, V. (2016). A review and future direction of agile, business intelligence, analytics and data science. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 700-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.013
Lee, Y. J., & Gretzel, U. (2014). Cross-Cultural Differences in Social Identity Formation through Travel Blogging. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(1), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.861701
Leung, D., Law, R., van Hoof, H., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social Media in Tourism and Hospitality: A Literature Review. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1-2), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.750919
Li, C., & Bernoff, J. (2010). Groundswell. Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies. Strategic Direction, 26(8). https://doi.org/10.1108/sd.2010.05626hae.002
Li, L., Su, F., Zhang, W., & Mao, J.-Y. (2018). Digital transformation by SME entrepreneurs: A capability perspective [doi.org/10.1111/isj.12153]. Information Systems Journal, 28(6), 1129-1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12153
Li, Y., & Xie, Y. (2019). Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? An Empirical Study of Image Content and Social Media Engagement. Journal of Marketing Research, 57(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719881113
Liu, Y., & Shrum, L. J. (2002). What is Interactivity and is it Always Such a Good Thing? Implications of Definition, Person, and Situation for the Influence of Interactivity on Advertising Effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 31(4), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2002.10673685
Louart, P., & Martin, A. (2012). Small and medium-sized enterprises and their attitudes towards internationalization and innovation. I. B. Research.
Makkonen, H., & Olkkonen, R. (2017). Interactive value formation in interorganizational relationships: Dynamic interchange between value co-creation, no-creation, and co-destruction. Marketing Theory, 17(4), 517-535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593117699661
Mangold, W. G., & Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business Horizons, 52(4), 357-365.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.03.002
McCullagh, P. N. J. A. (1989). Generalized linear models. Chapman and Hall.
Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N. T., & Christodoulides, G. (2011). Usage, barriers and measurement of social media marketing: An exploratory investigation of small and medium B2B brands. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(7), 1153-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.09.009
Miles, J. (2014). Instagram power: Build your brand and reach more customers with the power of pictures. McGraw Hill Professional.
Milosavljevic, M., & Cerf, M. (2008). First attention then intention. International Journal of Advertising, 27(3), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.2501/S0265048708080037
Morrison, S., & Frydenberg, J. (2020). $130 billion jobkeeper payment to keep Australians in a job. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from
Morrison, S., Frydenberg, J., & Ruston, A. (2020). Media Release: JobKeeper payment and income support extended. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from
Mukerji, M., & Roy, P. S. (2019). Platform Interactions and Emergence of an Organizational Field: Case Study on Ola. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23(0). https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v23i0.2113
Mustak, M., Jaakkola, E., & Halinen, A. (2013). Customer participation and value creation: a systematic review and research implications. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 23(4), 341-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/MSQ-03-2013-0046
Naab, T. K., & Sehl, A. (2016). Studies of user-generated content: A systematic review. Journalism, 18(10), 1256-1273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916673557
Neher, K. (2013). Visual social media marketing harnessing images, instagram, infographics and pinterest to grow your business online. Boot Camp Publ.
Neiger, B. L., Thackeray, R., Van Wagenen, S. A., Hanson, C. L., West, J. H., Barnes, M. D., & Fagen, M. C. (2012). Use of Social Media in Health Promotion: Purposes, Key Performance Indicators, and Evaluation Metrics. Health Promotion Practice, 13(2), 159-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839911433467
Nummila, M. (2015). Successful social media marketing on Instagram. Case@ minoshoes. Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences]. https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/98853.
O'Reilly, T. (2005, October 1). Web 2.0: Compact Definition? Retrieved January 17, 2020, from
OECD. (2020). OECD Coronavirus (COVID-19). SME policy responses. Retrieved January 17, 2020 from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=119_119680-di6h3qgi4x.
Palka, W., Pousttchi, K., & Wiedemann, D. G. (2009). Mobile Word-Of-Mouth - A Grounded Theory of Mobile Viral Marketing. Journal of Information Technology, 24(2), 172-185. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2008.37
Pan, B., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2006). Online Information Search: Vacation Planning Process. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 809-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.03.006
Paniagua, J., & Sapena, J. (2014). Business performance and social media: Love or hate? Business Horizons, 57(6), 719-728.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2014.07.005
Pantano, E., Pizzi, G., Scarpi, D., & Dennis, C. (2020). Competing during a pandemic? Retailers’ ups and downs during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Business Research, 116, 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.036
Parrott, G., Azam Roomi, M., & Holliman, D. (2010). An analysis of marketing programmes adopted by regional small and medium‐sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(2), 184-203. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001011041201
Parsons, A. L., & Lepkowska-White, E. (2010). Web Site References in Print Advertising: An Analysis of Calls to Action. Journal of Internet Commerce, 9(3-4), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2010.526487
Phua, J., Jin, S. V., & Kim, J. (2017). Gratifications of using Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or Snapchat to follow brands: The moderating effect of social comparison, trust, tie strength, and network homophily on brand identification, brand engagement, brand commitment, and membership intention. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 412-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.06.004
Plé, L., & Chumpitaz Cáceres, R. (2010). Not always co‐creation: introducing interactional co‐destruction of value in service‐dominant logic. Journal of Services Marketing, 24(6), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041011072546
Porter, M. E. (2001). The value chain and competitive advantage. Understanding business processes, 2, 50-66.
Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The future of competition: co-creating unique value with customers. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Pub.
Prime Minister of Australia (2020). Media release. Retrieved January 17, 2020 from https://www.pm.gov.au/media/130-billion-jobkeeper-payment-keep-australians-job
Radhakrishnan, B., Satyasiba, D., & Manojit, C. (2020). Implementing Data Strategy: Design Considerations and Reference Architecture for Data-Enabled Value Creation. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 24(0). https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v24i0.2541
Rainie, L., Brenner, J., & Purcell, K. (2012). Photos and videos as social currency online. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved January 17, 2020 from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2012/09/13/photos-and-videos-as-social-currency-online/
Ramírez, R. (1999). Value co-production: intellectual origins and implications for practice and research [https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199901)20:1<49::AID-SMJ20>3.0.CO;2-2]. Strategic Management Journal, 20(1), 49-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199901)20:1<49:AID-SMJ20>3.0.CO;2-2
Rammer, C., Czarnitzki, D., & Spielkamp, A. (2009). Innovation success of non-R&D-performers: substituting technology by management in SMEs. Small Business Economics, 33(1), 35-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9185-7
Savlovschi, L. I., & Robu, N. R. (2011). The Role of SMEs in Modern Economy. Economia. Seria Management, 14(1), 277-281.
https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:rom:econmn:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:277-281
Scheinbaum, A. C. (2016). Digital Engagement: Opportunities and Risks for Sponsors. Journal of Advertising Research, 56(4), 341. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2016-040
Schultz, D. E., & Peltier, J. (2013). Social media's slippery slope: challenges, opportunities and future research directions. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 7(2), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-12-2012-0054
Scorptec. (2020). Retrieved January 17, 2020, from https://www.scorptec.com.au/
Seetharaman, P. (2020). Business models shifts: Impact of Covid-19. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102173
Selvarajah, C., Le, T. D., & Sukunesan, S. (2019). The Vietnam project: developing conceptual knowledge on cross-cultural skills for training in SME internationalization. Asia Pacific Business Review, 25(3), 338-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2019.1598076
Sharma, P., Leung, T. Y., Kingshott, R. P. J., Davcik, N. S., & Cardinali, S. (2020). Managing uncertainty during a global pandemic: An international business perspective. Journal of Business Research, 116, 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.026
Spiller, P., & Lohse, G. L. (1997). A Classification of Internet Retail Stores. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2(2), 29-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.1997.11518307
Stephen, B., Scott, B., Rafael, P., & Carolyn, W. (2018). Interventions in entrepreneurial learning: Blended learning and ICT capacity. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 22(0). https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v22i0.1226
Sthapit, E., Coudounaris, D. N., & Björk, P. (2018). The memorable souvenir-shopping experience: antecedents and outcomes. Leisure Studies, 37(5), 628-643. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2018.1519031
Sukunesan, S., Selvarajah, C., & Mellstrom, Z. (2020). Internationalization via instagram: An exploratory study of small and medium enterprises. Contemporary Management Research, 16(2), 77-121. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.19811
Swani, K., & Labrecque, L. I. (2020). Like, Comment, or Share? Self-presentation vs. brand relationships as drivers of social media engagement choices. Marketing Letters, 31(2), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-020-09518-8
Tarki, A., Levy, P., & Weiss, J. (2020). The coronavirus crisis doesn’t have to lead to layoffs. Harvard Business Review Digital. Retrieved, 4. https://www.harvardbusiness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/HBR_The_Coronavirus_Doesnt_Have_to_Lead_to_Layoffs.pdf
Tether, B., & Tajar, A. (2008). Beyond industry-university links: Sourcing knowledge for innovation from consultants, private research organisations and the public science-base. Research Policy, 37(6-7), 1079-1095.
https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:respol:v:37:y:2008:i:6-7:p:1079-1095
Ting, H., de Run, E. C., & Liew, S. L. (2016). Intention to use Instagram by generation cohorts: The perspective of developing markets. Global Business & Management Research, 8(1).
van Noort, G., Voorveld, H. A. M., & van Reijmersdal, E. A. (2012). Interactivity in Brand Web Sites: Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Responses Explained by Consumers' Online Flow Experience. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(4), 223-234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2011.11.002
Van Vliet, P. J. A., & Pota, D. (2001). Understanding Online Retail: A Classification of Online Retailers. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 41(2), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2002.11646987
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.68.1.1.24036
Virtanen, H., Björk, P., & Sjöström, E. (2017). Follow for follow: marketing of a start-up company on Instagram. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(3), 468-484. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-12-2016-0202
Walden, R., Lie, S., Pandolfo, B., Lee, T., & Lockhart, C. (2018). Design Research Units and Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs): An Approach for Advancing Technology and Competitive Strength in Australia. The Design Journal, 21(2), 247-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2018.1427913
Wang, X., Yu, C., & Wei, Y. (2012). Social Media Peer Communication and Impacts on Purchase Intentions: A Consumer Socialization Framework. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(4), 198-208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2011.11.004
Weinberg, B. D., & Pehlivan, E. (2011). Social spending: Managing the social media mix. Business Horizons, 54(3), 275-282.
https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:bushor:v:54:y:2011:i:3:p:275-282
White, S., & Woods, J. (1997). Do it yourself advertising. MA: Adams Media Corp
Wood, C. (2009). The power of social media: from bolt-on to the centre of the universe. Hospitality Review, 11(3), 18-22.
Woolworths. (2020). Woolworths Interact website. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from https://www.woolworths.com.au/
Yu, J., & Egger, R. (2021). Color and engagement in touristic Instagram pictures: A machine learning approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 89, 103204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103204
Yu, M., Li, Z., Yu, Z., He, J., & Zhou, J. (2021). Communication related health crisis on social media: a case of COVID-19 outbreak. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(19), 2699-2705. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1752632
Zaman, G., & Vilceanu, G. (1999). Coexistence of large and small companies. Tribune Economic Tribune, 45.
Zu, Z. Y., Jiang, M. D., Xu, P. P., Chen, W., Ni, Q. A.-O., Lu, G. A.-O., & Zhang, L. A.-O. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China. Radiological Society Public Health Emergency Collection 1527-1315 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200490
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
AJIS publishes open-access articles distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Non-Commercial and Attribution License which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and AJIS are credited. All other rights including granting permissions beyond those in the above license remain the property of the author(s).